One of the most common presenting complaints to the urologist’s office is infection. This may affect any part of the genitourinary tract: kidney, bladder, prostate, or genitals. Some may be transmitted sexually. Most cases are treated successfully with a short course of oral antibiotics. Occasionally, more aggressive treatment is needed. Sometimes these infections can become recurrent and problematic, requiring an in depth evaluation to discover the underlying cause. This may entail x-rays and/or inspection of the urinary tract with a telescope (cystoscopy).